People Empowering Politics

Representative Vs Presidential

Representative democracy has advantages over Presidential. Leader elects can be more easily removed from office and thus reduce the chances of creating authoritarian regimes. Cabinet is appointed by other elects, who have constituencies to defend and will more likely listen to their electorate.

There will be a maximum of 100 primary elects in council and regional levels. While state and union legislatures will support 400 members. The second chamber will be filled with 200 advisors for states and unions. Every four years the chambers advisors will be reappointed, by an independent commission. They would scrutinise legislation and can delay legislation for three, six or nine months, except money bills.

If there is a majority in both chambers (double majority) legislation can pass at once. An equal combined majority is where PC members are worth one point, while SC members are worth two, three months. Unequal combined majority is where both member types are worth one point, six months. If there is no combined majority of any kind and only from the primary chamber, the delay is nine months. SC members can veto legislation that directly affects their chamber.

The president is selected by both chambers of parliament/congress in an unequal majority. At the beginning of each state and union terms the top four supported candidates are put through an AV election, with the winner being selected president. They will have a ceremonial role and as a last resort reset the political system. Councils and regions will mayors.

If someone has been elected, selected or appointed they can never be a member of the other two. This is to protect the separate and unique functions of those political branches. Community leaders will be AV elected locally and will deal with constituency case work.

Levels of Government

There will be four levels of government, council, region, state, and union. There are no limits to the number of councils and regions being created. Each level will have its own election year, meaning four year fixed terms. Voting age and full adulthood will be sixteen.

The ten unions will be North America, Central America, South America, European, Euro Asia, North Africa, South Africa, Middle Asia, North Asia and South Asia. There will also be three Sphere Associations American, Euro-Africa and Asian.

Each state and union would send one ambassador to their respective association and the world assembly. Unions can veto if most of their ambassadors vote against.

The Mercator Projection

The Gall and Peter Projection

Union Configuration

All territories have an effective social range, in which peoples are willing to work together for collective prosperity and mutual security. Within each union four large states will reside, with the benefits being economies of scale and having the military capability to defend yourself.

Each state would be given the same amount of representation regardless of population. There will be certain protections for more independent states, not wanting to be part of a federal union. If over 50pc of actual independent state elects vote against a piece of legislation, a total legislature super majority must be created, which is greater than the states vetoing percentage.

Alternative vote (AV) elections will take place when selecting legislature or party leaders, with the top four supported candidates being put forward. Each party elects their amount of committee members and heads of committees by their percentage of seats. Elects will be given additional pay when in government or committee, which is a separate payment on top of their elects pay, meaning no severance.

Party List Single Member Districts

Party List Single Member Districts (PLSMD) will rank party candidates based on how many votes they have won within their own district, but only one candidate can represent a district. The Hare Quota with Largest Remainder will be used. Parties can only compete in districts if they are still entitled to win a seat and have a candidate in place.

Once parties know how many seats they are entitled to, they will qualify their top candidates. These candidates will go onto a qualified list, with the highest voted candidate starting their constituency. If two or more qualified candidates are competing within the same district the one with the most votes wins, with the others being eliminated. The partys next highest ranked candidate will then be qualified.

You could call this Proportional Past the Post, but the problem I found is that people focus on the past the post element, thinking its the primary component. This can confuse some as they will not understand why someone who came 2nd, 3rd etc won that district.

A four-party system is needed because core support for socialism and conservatism is divided between moderate and radical members. These two factions need their own parties, as having a civil war while in government or opposition costs the electorate.

To help solve this these two parties can form a coalition, meaning their votes are transferred if not winning in the first or second rounds. If a coalition government is formed the senior and junior partners are already established, which helps in creating joint policy.

There are other popular voting systems which are widely adopted. In which I will explain their merits and short comings.

First Past the Post and Alternative Vote

First Past the Post (FPP) is a simple solid system. The electorate cross one candidate and the one with the most votes wins. Each elect also represents a much smaller constituency compared to PR. The weakness of this system is safe seats and gerrymandering.

A candidate can win with the largest minority of votes, which normally creates a two party system, one socialist and the other conservative. Which leads to lack of voter choice because you could either waste your vote on a smaller party or one of the main ones you dont fully agree with, unless you allow two party coalitions. This all increases the chances of safe seats where one party can more easily win their constituency.

Gerrymandering is where the constituency is formed in such an unnatural way that it doesnt correspond to the local voters fixed community. This is done because the controlling party or directly elected leader, will change the boundaries so that the oppositions electorate are the minority in more constituencies.

This can be avoided with an independent boundary commission which will look at the voter populations and current boundaries and they do not know their past voting habits. A percentage discrepancy is allowed between the smallest and largest constituency.

The alternative Vote (AV) is where the electorate preference their candidate choices, with the least supported being eliminated. This gives voters more of a choice when selecting candidates and the winner must achieve an actual majority.

Some people may feel its unfair for some votes to be counted more often than others, especially if you can max preference with a broad set of candidates, limited AV of two choices might be more acceptable?

Party List Proportional

Party List Proportional uses a large constituency to contain multiple elects. Each Party would create and rank a list of candidates, normally decided by the party membership. If its an open list then the electorate can influence those rankings, otherwise a closed list denies this opportunity. This can be done by using FPP or AV within the list.

If you decide not to preference, then you are indirectly supporting the partys ranking. So in FPP the top candidate effectively receives your vote. While in AV the highest unmarked candidate will gain the earliest available number. Those numbers will be turned into points and candidates with the lowest amount will be higher up the list. You can decided which numbers you want to use, so if you really dislike a particular candidate, you can award them a 10 and leave the other boxes unmarked.

The Hare Quota is used for winning elects, which is total votes divided by seats. Largest Remainder will be implemented in the second stage of voting, which is largest remaining votes to gain unclaimed seats. You could have party coalitions, preferably two.

D Hondt Method and Mixed Members Proportional

The D Hondt Method (DHM) is a formula that divides the partys vote share every time they win a seat. The calculation is original party votes / (seats won +1 = ) = remaining votes. So if a party had 100,000 votes and won 2 seat it’s 100,000 / 2+1=3 =33,333 votes.

Mixed Members Proportional (MMP) is where the FPP/AV and DHM elects are equal in number. If DHM elects are less in number than FPP/AV its called Additional Members. If the first voting method doesnt affect the second, its called Parallel Voting. Voters have two ballot papers for each type, with party votes being separate from each election.

Before the first round of DHM elections, the FPP/AV seats already won divide the partys DHM votes first. If a party won two FPP/AV seats and their DHM vote is 100,000. Then its 100,000 / (seats won 2 +1 =3) =33,333, which is their new starting point in round one in DHM. The downside is FPP/AV elects will have to represent a constituency twice the size, you double the number of elects/cost or have less DHM elects reducing proportionality.

Parties can do something sneaky and create decoy lists using satellite parties, which are working for the main party. Their voters will support their satellite party in the second round, meaning the main parties votes are not split in DHM elections from first round gains. After the election the satellite party will join their main party. To solve this, voters only get one vote, and votes used to win seats locally are not counted unless they are surplus.

Single Transferable Vote

Single Transferable Vote (STV) is where the electorate can preference candidates across party lines. Your first preference might be candidate One of Party A, while your second preference is candidate Two of Party B. Additional votes above the winning threshold are passed on, to the voters next preference as a percentage. STV maximises voter contributions in winning candidates, by minimising wasted votes on losing choices.

STV more commonly uses the Droop Quota threshold, which is total votes divided by seats plus one, plus one vote. In a two seat constituency of 100,000 votes its 2 + 1 = 3 + 1 vote or 33,333 votes + 1 vote. This is the lowest possible threshold to win a seat, as there will always be more candidates to seats available, which is why we have elections.

There is one major drawback. If a party fields too many candidates, they could lose their vote share later. If the electorate spread their first preferences on multiple candidates within the same party and they dont win, but their second plus preferences are for other parties and their candidates.

That only weakness the first party in losing votes and potential candidates and parties may field fewer candidates to seats available to increase the concentration of 1st preferences and this is why constituencies are normally ranged between 3-5, with the droop quota being is used, as the lower threshold favours larger parties.